Atšķirības starp "Babilona" versijām
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* [http://encyclopedia-online.info/Chronology_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria] | * [http://encyclopedia-online.info/Chronology_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria] | ||
* [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainFeaturesMesopotamia.htm Ancient Mesopotamia - The History Files] | * [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainFeaturesMesopotamia.htm Ancient Mesopotamia - The History Files] | ||
| − | * [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BM530xK531l/ Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition, by Leonard W. King, 1918] | + | * [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BM530xK531l/ Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition, by Leonard W. King, 1918] - [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BM530xK531l/1f/legends_of_babylon_and_egypt.pdf layered PDF format, University of Georgia Libraries] |
| − | + | * [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL1620xB7/ The Babylonian Legends of the Creation and the Fight between Bel and the Dragon, as told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh, 1921] - [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL1620xB7/1f/babylonian_legends_of_creation.pdf layered PDF format, University of Georgia Libraries] | |
| − | * [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL1620xB7/ The Babylonian Legends of the Creation and the Fight between Bel and the Dragon, as told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh, 1921] | + | * [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS71xJ39C/ The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria - remains, language, history, religion, commerce, law, art, and literature, by Morris Jastrow, Jr. ... with map and 164 illustrations, 1915] - [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS71xJ39C/1f/civilization_of_babylonia_and_assyria.pdf layered PDF format, University of Georgia Libraries] |
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| − | * [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS71xJ39C/ The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria - remains, language, history, religion, commerce, law, art, and literature, by Morris Jastrow, Jr. ... with map and 164 illustrations, 1915] | ||
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* [http://gerginakkum.ru/ Древняя Месопотамия - GERGINAKKUM - Шумеро-вавилонская библиотека] | * [http://gerginakkum.ru/ Древняя Месопотамия - GERGINAKKUM - Шумеро-вавилонская библиотека] | ||
Versija, kas saglabāta 2008. gada 22. novembris, plkst. 13.27
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Babilonija jeb Babilonijas valsts - pilsētvalsts, pēc tam valsts Mezopotāmijas centrālajā daļā laikā no 1895. g.p.m.ē. līdz 538. g.p.m.ē., kuru izveidoja semītu tauta amorieši. Galvaspilsēta Babilona (pirms tam šumeru pilsēta Kadingira), no kā atvasināts valsts nosaukums. Valsts pārvaldē un rakstos tika izmantota akadiešu valoda, savukārt reliģiskajos kultos - šumeru valoda. 1895. g.p.m.ē. amoriešu jahrurumu cilts vadonis Sumuabums iekaroja Babilonas pilsētu un izveidoja savu valsti (dienvidu robeža bija aptuveni 30km no pilsētas mūriem), iedibinot pirmo Babilonijas valdnieku dinastiju (t.s. amoriešu dinastija). Ap. 1800. g.p.m.ē. Babilonija bija kļuvusi par vienu no ietekmīgākajām pilsētvalstīm centrālajā Mezopotāmijā, esot pakļauta Larsai kā vasaļvalsts. Pēc Asīrijas išiakuma Šamšiadada I nāves Babilonijas valdnieks Hamurapi uzsāka strauju ekspansiju kā suverēns monarhs, un laikā no 1764. līdz 1756. gadam, iekarojis Elamu, Asuru, Ešnunu un Suzianu, izveidoja monolītu, visu Divupi aptverošu lielvalsti ar vienotu likumdošanu (sk. Hamurapi likumi), nodokļu sistēmu, pārvaldi. Par Jaunbabiloniju jeb Jaunbabilonijas valsti (arī Haldiešu valsti) dēvē Nabupalasara iedibinātās haldiešu dinastijas valsti laikā no 626. g.p.m.ē. līdz 538. g.p.m.ē., līdz to iekaroja Ahamenīdu Persija.
Nosaukums citās valodās:
- vāciski: Babylon
- angliski: Babylon
- franciski: Le royaume de Babylone
- krieviski: Вавилония
Literatūra
- Valsts un tiesību vēsture jēdzienos un terminos. / Sast. Valters P. - Divergens: Rīga, 2001., 44. lpp.
- Anstrats P. J. Civilizācijas vēsture. / zin. red. Andris Rubenis red. Nora Ikstena, - Karogs: Rīga, 1995.
- Ascalone Enrico. Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries of Civilizations). - University of California Press: Berkeley, 2007, ISBN 0520252667
- Sumer: Cities of Eden (Timelife Lost Civilizations). - Time-Life Books: Alexandria, VA, 1993, ISBN 0809498871
- Thompson, William R. Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation. // Journal of World Systems Research. 2004 (pdf)
- Gebhard J. Selz. Sumerer und Akkader: Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur. - C.H. Beck: München, 2005, ISBN 3-406-50874-X
- Dietz-Otto Edzard. Geschichte Mesopotamiens. - C.H. Beck: München, 2004, ISBN 3-406-51664-5
Resursi internetā par šo tēmu
- Pr. Jānis Aglonietis OP (tēvs Alberts). Bībeles arheoloģija.
- Senās Mezopotāmijas (Divupes) kultūra - liis.lv
- The History Files Ancient Mesopotamia
- The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. - University of California at Los Angeles and the Max Plank Institute for the History of Science
- Babylonia, A history of ancient Babylon (Babylonia) including its cities, laws, kings and legacy to civilization. - The International History Project.
- Babylonian Mathematics
- Babylonian Numerals
- Babylonian Astronomy/Astrology
- Bibliography of Babylonian Astronomy/Astrology
- The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria by Theophilus G. Pinches (Many deities' names are now read differently, but this detailed 1906 Work is a classic)
- Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria
- Ancient Mesopotamia - The History Files
- Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition, by Leonard W. King, 1918 - layered PDF format, University of Georgia Libraries
- The Babylonian Legends of the Creation and the Fight between Bel and the Dragon, as told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh, 1921 - layered PDF format, University of Georgia Libraries
- The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria - remains, language, history, religion, commerce, law, art, and literature, by Morris Jastrow, Jr. ... with map and 164 illustrations, 1915 - layered PDF format, University of Georgia Libraries
